diff --git a/ark/schema/__tests__/errors.test.ts b/ark/schema/__tests__/errors.test.ts
index 27568fc647..08a1142038 100644
--- a/ark/schema/__tests__/errors.test.ts
+++ b/ark/schema/__tests__/errors.test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { attest, contextualize } from "@ark/attest"
 import {
 	$ark,
-	type ArkErrors,
+	ArkErrors,
 	configureSchema,
 	rootSchema,
 	schemaScope
@@ -149,6 +149,20 @@ contextualize(() => {
 
 	const errors = nEvenAtLeast2({ n: 1 }) as ArkErrors
 
+	it("Array methods allocate plain Array (Symbol.species), not ArkErrors", () => {
+		const messages = errors.issues.map(e => e.message)
+		attest(messages instanceof Array).equals(true)
+		attest(messages.constructor).equals(Array)
+		attest(messages instanceof ArkErrors).equals(false)
+
+		const mapped = errors.map(() => 1)
+		attest(mapped.constructor).equals(Array)
+		attest(mapped instanceof ArkErrors).equals(false)
+
+		attest(errors.filter(() => true).constructor).equals(Array)
+		attest(errors.slice().constructor).equals(Array)
+	})
+
 	it("serialization", () => {
 		attest(errors.toJSON()).snap([
 			{
@@ -189,6 +203,25 @@ contextualize(() => {
 		])
 	})
 
+	it("serialization tolerates indexed entries without toJSON (e.g. HTTP JSON.stringify)", () => {
+		// Simulate an extra `issues` row shaped like Standard Schema `Issue` (`{ message, path? }`,
+		// no `toJSON`) — Ark has no public API for that, hence the cast — so `JSON.stringify`
+		// must tolerate mixed slots instead of assuming every index is an `ArkError`.
+		const mixed = nEvenAtLeast2({ n: 1 }) as ArkErrors
+		;(mixed as unknown as { push(...items: unknown[]): number }).push({
+			message: "foreign issue",
+			path: ["_"]
+		})
+		const parsed = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(mixed)) as unknown[]
+		attest(parsed.length).equals(2)
+		const first = parsed[0] as Record<string, unknown>
+		attest(first.code).equals("intersection")
+		attest(first.path).equals(["n"])
+		attest(typeof first.message).equals("string")
+		attest(Array.isArray(first.errors)).equals(true)
+		attest(parsed[1]).equals({ message: "foreign issue", path: ["_"] })
+	})
+
 	it("flatByPath", () => {
 		attest(errors.flatByPath).snap({
 			n: [
diff --git a/ark/schema/shared/errors.ts b/ark/schema/shared/errors.ts
index 08a774e836..a09a6cfb7d 100644
--- a/ark/schema/shared/errors.ts
+++ b/ark/schema/shared/errors.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
 	defineProperties,
 	flatMorph,
 	stringifyPath,
+	type Json,
 	type JsonArray,
 	type JsonObject,
 	type array,
@@ -165,6 +166,15 @@ export class ArkErrors
 {
 	readonly [arkKind] = "errors"
 
+	/**
+	 * Inherited array methods (`map`, `filter`, `slice`, …) return a plain
+	 * `Array`, not another `ArkErrors`, so callbacks that return primitives
+	 * (e.g. `issues.map(i => i.message)`) cannot populate a new `ArkErrors` instance.
+	 */
+	static get [Symbol.species](): ArrayConstructor {
+		return Array
+	}
+
 	protected ctx: Traversal
 
 	constructor(ctx: Traversal) {
@@ -314,8 +324,36 @@ export class ArkErrors
 		return this
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Serialize a single `issues[index]` for `JSON.stringify`.
+	 *
+	 * Usually `ArkError` from `add`, but `issues` is also Standard Schema failure
+	 * issues: plain `{ message, path? }` values need not define `toJSON`.
+	 */
+	private static indexedIssueToJSON(issue: unknown): JsonObject {
+		if (issue === undefined) return { message: "undefined" }
+		if (issue === null) return { message: "null" }
+		if (typeof issue !== "object") return { message: String(issue) }
+
+		const toJSON = (issue as { toJSON?: unknown }).toJSON
+		if (typeof toJSON === "function") {
+			// `ArkError#toJSON` returns a `JsonObject`. Exotic `toJSON` implementations
+			// that return non-records are out of scope here.
+			return toJSON.call(issue) as JsonObject
+		}
+
+		const { message, path } = issue as Record<string, unknown>
+		if (typeof message === "string") {
+			if (path === undefined) return { message }
+			if (Array.isArray(path)) return { message, path: path as Json }
+			return { message }
+		}
+
+		return { message: String(issue) }
+	}
+
 	toJSON(): JsonArray {
-		return [...this.map(e => e.toJSON())]
+		return [...this.map(ArkErrors.indexedIssueToJSON)]
 	}
 
 	toString(): string {