diff --git a/src/ui/mod.rs b/src/ui/mod.rs
index 6bbba9d..f53fc11 100644
--- a/src/ui/mod.rs
+++ b/src/ui/mod.rs
@@ -962,25 +962,28 @@ pub fn draw(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         f.render_widget(gauge, tuner_area);
     }
 
-    let controls = if is_jp {
-        vec![
-            ("▶再生", "SPC"),
-            ("▶▶次", "]"),
-            ("◀◀前", "["),
-            ("音量＋", "+"),
-            ("音量－", "-"),
-            ("消音", "m"),
-            ("電源", "q"),
+    // Bolt ⚡ Optimization:
+    // to avoid heavy allocations (e.g. format!) during the high frequency TUI render loop
+    // pre-calculate strings containing spaces and brackets here
+    let controls: &[(&str, &str)] = if is_jp {
+        &[
+            (" ▶再生", " [SPC] "),
+            (" ▶▶次", " []] "),
+            (" ◀◀前", " [[] "),
+            (" 音量＋", " [+] "),
+            (" 音量－", " [-] "),
+            (" 消音", " [m] "),
+            (" 電源", " [q] "),
         ]
     } else {
-        vec![
-            ("PLAY", "SPC"),
-            ("SKIP", "]"),
-            ("PREV", "["),
-            ("VOL+", "+"),
-            ("VOL-", "-"),
-            ("MUTE", "m"),
-            ("EXIT", "q"),
+        &[
+            (" PLAY", " [SPC] "),
+            (" SKIP", " []] "),
+            (" PREV", " [[] "),
+            (" VOL+", " [+] "),
+            (" VOL-", " [-] "),
+            (" MUTE", " [m] "),
+            (" EXIT", " [q] "),
         ]
     };
 
@@ -994,12 +997,12 @@ pub fn draw(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         if i < btn_layout.len() {
             let btn_text = Line::from(vec![
                 Span::styled(
-                    format!(" {}", label),
+                    *label,
                     Style::default()
                         .fg(theme.primary)
                         .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
                 ),
-                Span::styled(format!(" [{}] ", key), Style::default().fg(theme.dim)),
+                Span::styled(*key, Style::default().fg(theme.dim)),
             ]);
 
             let mut btn_block = Block::default()