@@ -90,8 +90,17 @@ def process_request(request, id_validation_pattern:, &method_finder)
 
     error = if !valid_version?(request[:jsonrpc])
       "JSON-RPC version must be 2.0"
+    elsif request.key?(:id) && id.nil?
+      # JSON-RPC 2.0 allows a null id; MCP rules it out: a request carries a string or an integer id,
+      # and a notification carries no id member at all. Refused rather than run as a notification,
+      # since a sender that wrote an id meant to be answered.
+      "Request ID must not be null"
     elsif !valid_id?(id, id_validation_pattern)
-      "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null"
+      if id_validation_pattern
+        "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer"
+      else
+        "Request ID must be a string or an integer"
+      end
     elsif !valid_method_name?(request[:method])
       'Method name must be a string and not start with "rpc."'
     end
 
@@ -271,6 +271,9 @@ def initialize(
         Methods::COMPLETION_COMPLETE => ->(_) { DEFAULT_COMPLETION_RESULT },
         Methods::LOGGING_SET_LEVEL => method(:configure_logging_level),
       }
+      # The protocol's own request methods, as opposed to the notifications above and to custom methods
+      # registered later: these need a request id to be run.
+      @protocol_request_methods = @handlers.keys.reject { |name| Methods.notification?(name) }.freeze
       @transport = transport
     end
 
@@ -614,6 +617,12 @@ def handle_request(request, method, session: nil, related_request_id: nil, auth_
       # the TypeScript and Python SDKs rather than emitting a spurious `result: null`.
       return if Methods.notification?(method) && !related_request_id.nil?
 
+      # The mirror case: a request method of the protocol sent without an id is framed as a notification,
+      # whose result the sender can never receive, so it is not run either; the TypeScript and Python servers
+      # drop such a message the same way, as a notification they have no handler for. A custom method keeps
+      # running without an id, since `define_custom_method` serves notifications too.
+      return if related_request_id.nil? && @protocol_request_methods.include?(method)
+
       # `notifications/cancelled` is dispatched directly: it is a notification (no JSON-RPC id)
       # and intentionally bypasses the `@handlers` lookup, capability check, in-flight registry,
       # and rescue blocks below.
 
@@ -2035,8 +2035,10 @@ def json_rpc_error_response(status:, code:, message:, data: nil, id: nil)
           [status, { "content-type" => "application/json" }, [body.to_json]]
         end
 
+        # A notification carries no id member at all; a message with `"id": null` is a malformed request,
+        # which the server answers with Invalid Request instead of running it unanswered.
         def notification?(body)
-          !body[:id] && !!body[:method]
+          !body.key?(:id) && !!body[:method]
         end
 
         # Dispatches a client-originated notification (e.g. `notifications/cancelled`,
@@ -2127,10 +2129,10 @@ def handle_initialization(request, body_string, body)
           response = server_session.handle_json(body_string, auth_info: auth_info)
 
           # `initialize_request?` matches on the method alone, so an `initialize` sent without
-          # an id (framed as a notification) reaches here. `Server#init` marks the session initialized,
-          # but JSON-RPC emits no response for an id-less request, so `response` is nil.
-          # Returning `[200, ..., [nil]]` would place nil in the Rack body (which the web server cannot serialize),
-          # and the session would be retained since it is marked initialized. Discard the orphaned session
+          # an id (framed as a notification) reaches here. `Server#init` does not run for it, as for
+          # any request method without an id, so `response` is nil and the session created above
+          # is never initialized. Returning `[200, ..., [nil]]` would place nil in the Rack body (which
+          # the web server cannot serialize), and the session would linger uninitialized. Discard it
           # and ack with 202, mirroring the nil-response handling in a regular request.
           if response.nil?
             cleanup_session(session_id) if session_id
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
       assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
         code: -32600,
         message: "Invalid Request",
-        data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+        data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
       }
     end
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
       assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
         code: -32600,
         message: "Invalid Request",
-        data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+        data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
       }
     end
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
       assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
         code: -32600,
         message: "Invalid Request",
-        data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+        data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
       }
     end
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
       assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
         code: -32600,
         message: "Invalid Request",
-        data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+        data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
       }
     end
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
       assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
         code: -32600,
         message: "Invalid Request",
-        data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+        data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
       }
     end
 
@@ -200,7 +200,33 @@
       assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
         code: -32600,
         message: "Invalid Request",
-        data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+        data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
+      }
+    end
+
+    # MCP narrows JSON-RPC here: "Requests MUST include a string or integer ID" and "the ID MUST NOT be null".
+    it "returns an error and does not call the method when id is null" do
+      called = false
+      register("add") { called = true }
+
+      handle jsonrpc: "2.0", id: nil, method: "add", params: { a: 1, b: 2 }
+
+      assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
+        code: -32600,
+        message: "Invalid Request",
+        data: "Request ID must not be null",
+      }
+      assert_nil @response[:id]
+      refute called
+    end
+
+    it "names the accepted id types without the pattern when none is given" do
+      @response = JsonRpcHandler.handle({ jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 3.14, method: "add" }, id_validation_pattern: nil) { |_name, _id| nil }
+
+      assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
+        code: -32600,
+        message: "Invalid Request",
+        data: "Request ID must be a string or an integer",
       }
     end
 
@@ -323,7 +349,7 @@
       assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
         code: -32600,
         message: "Invalid Request",
-        data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+        data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
       }
       assert_nil @response[:id]
     end
@@ -735,7 +761,7 @@
         assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
           code: -32600,
           message: "Invalid Request",
-          data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+          data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
         }
       end
 
@@ -748,7 +774,7 @@
         assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
           code: -32600,
           message: "Invalid Request",
-          data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+          data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
         }
       end
 
@@ -776,7 +802,7 @@
         assert_rpc_error expected_error: {
           code: -32600,
           message: "Invalid Request",
-          data: "Request ID must match validation pattern, or be an integer or null",
+          data: "Request ID must be a string matching the validation pattern, or an integer",
         }
       end
 
 
@@ -157,6 +157,82 @@ def string
           assert_equal JsonRpcHandler::ErrorCode::METHOD_NOT_FOUND, body["error"]["code"]
         end
 
+        test "a request whose id is null is answered with Invalid Request instead of being run unanswered" do
+          calls = 0
+          @server.define_tool(name: "count") do
+            calls += 1
+            Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: "ok" }])
+          end
+          session_id = initialize_test_session
+
+          request = create_rack_request(
+            "POST",
+            "/",
+            { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json", "HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID" => session_id },
+            { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: nil, method: "tools/call", params: { name: "count", arguments: {} } }.to_json,
+          )
+          response = @transport.handle_request(request)
+
+          assert_equal 200, response[0]
+          io = StringIO.new
+          response[2].call(io)
+          body = JSON.parse(io.string.match(/^data: (.+)$/)[1])
+          assert_nil body["id"]
+          assert_equal(-32600, body["error"]["code"])
+          assert_equal 0, calls
+        end
+
+        test "modern POST answers a request whose id is null with 400 and -32600" do
+          calls = 0
+          @server.define_tool(name: "count") do
+            calls += 1
+            Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: "ok" }])
+          end
+          body = JSON.parse(modern_body("tools/call", { name: "count", arguments: {} }))
+          body["id"] = nil
+
+          response = @transport.handle_request(modern_rack_request(body.to_json, headers: { "HTTP_MCP_NAME" => "count" }))
+
+          assert_equal 400, response[0]
+          assert_equal(-32600, JSON.parse(response[2][0]).dig("error", "code"))
+          assert_equal 0, calls
+        end
+
+        test "a ping sent without an id is acknowledged with no response" do
+          session_id = initialize_test_session
+
+          request = create_rack_request(
+            "POST",
+            "/",
+            { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json", "HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID" => session_id },
+            { jsonrpc: "2.0", method: "ping" }.to_json,
+          )
+          response = @transport.handle_request(request)
+
+          assert_equal 202, response[0]
+          assert_equal [], response[2]
+        end
+
+        test "a tools/call sent without an id is acknowledged without being run" do
+          calls = 0
+          @server.define_tool(name: "count") do
+            calls += 1
+            Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: "ok" }])
+          end
+          session_id = initialize_test_session
+
+          request = create_rack_request(
+            "POST",
+            "/",
+            { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json", "HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID" => session_id },
+            { jsonrpc: "2.0", method: "tools/call", params: { name: "count", arguments: {} } }.to_json,
+          )
+          response = @transport.handle_request(request)
+
+          assert_equal 202, response[0]
+          assert_equal 0, calls
+        end
+
         test "handles POST request with invalid JSON" do
           request = create_rack_request(
             "POST",
 
@@ -1924,6 +1924,42 @@ def read_resource_request(uri)
       assert_instrumentation_data({ method: "unsupported_method" })
     end
 
+    test "#handle refuses a request whose id is null without running it" do
+      calls = 0
+      @server.define_tool(name: "count") do
+        calls += 1
+        Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: "ok" }])
+      end
+
+      response = @server.handle({ jsonrpc: "2.0", id: nil, method: "tools/call", params: { name: "count", arguments: {} } })
+
+      assert_equal({ jsonrpc: "2.0", id: nil, error: { code: -32600, message: "Invalid Request", data: "Request ID must not be null" } }, response)
+      assert_equal 0, calls
+    end
+
+    test "#handle does not run a protocol request method sent without an id" do
+      # Framed as a notification, the message could never be answered; the TypeScript and Python servers drop it too.
+      calls = 0
+      @server.define_tool(name: "count") do
+        calls += 1
+        Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: "ok" }])
+      end
+
+      assert_nil @server.handle({ jsonrpc: "2.0", method: "tools/call", params: { name: "count", arguments: {} } })
+      assert_nil @server.handle({ jsonrpc: "2.0", method: "tools/list" })
+      assert_equal 0, calls
+    end
+
+    test "#handle still runs a custom method sent without an id" do
+      # `define_custom_method` serves notifications as well as requests, so only the protocol's own request methods need an id.
+      seen = []
+      @server.define_custom_method(method_name: "notify") { |params| seen << params[:event] }
+
+      assert_nil @server.handle({ jsonrpc: "2.0", method: "notify", params: { event: "custom" } })
+
+      assert_equal ["custom"], seen
+    end
+
     test "#handle handles custom methods" do
       @server.define_custom_method(method_name: "add") do |params|
         params[:a] + params[:b]