GH-48062: [C++] Fix null pointer dereference in MakeExecBatch

[Lancern]

Rationale for this change

The arrow::compute::MakeExecBatch function calls DataType::id() on partial.type() which could be a null pointer when partial is a datum representing a table. MakeExecBatch fails to check for this and thus null pointer dereference indeed happen.

What changes are included in this PR?

This patch adds a simple check in MakeExecBatch before calling DataType::id() to make sure it won't gets called on a null pointer.

Are these changes tested?

Yes. This patch updates the unit test ExpressionUtils.MakeExecBatch and includes a case that calls MakeExecBatch with a table.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

This PR indeed resolve a crash problem, but I'm not quite sure whether this should be classified as a "critical fix".

Resolve #48062 .

• GitHub Issue: [C++] MakeExecBatch would dereference null pointer when the input Datum is constructed from a Table #48062

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #48062 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.