oracle · graalvmbot · Dec 10, 2025 · Nov 12, 2025 · Sep 24, 2025 · Nov 12, 2025
diff --git a/espresso/mx.espresso/suite.py b/espresso/mx.espresso/suite.py
@@ -143,6 +143,19 @@
             "checkstyle": "com.oracle.truffle.espresso",
         },
 
+        "com.oracle.truffle.espresso.memory.panama": {
+            "subDir": "src",
+            "sourceDirs": ["src"],
+            "dependencies": [
+                "com.oracle.truffle.espresso",
+                "truffle:TRUFFLE_API",
+            ],
+            "javaCompliance": "22+",
+            # GR-47124 spotbugs does not support jdk22
+            "spotbugs": "false",
+            "checkstyle": "com.oracle.truffle.espresso",
+        },
+
         "com.oracle.truffle.espresso.hotswap": {
             "subDir": "src",
             "sourceDirs": ["src"],
@@ -181,6 +194,7 @@
             ],
             "uses": [
                 "com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.NativeAccess.Provider",
+                "com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.NativeMemory.Provider",
             ],
             "annotationProcessors": ["truffle:TRUFFLE_DSL_PROCESSOR", "ESPRESSO_PROCESSOR"],
             "jacoco" : "include",
@@ -553,6 +567,7 @@
             "subDir": "src",
             "dependencies": [
                 "com.oracle.truffle.espresso",
+                "com.oracle.truffle.espresso.memory.panama",
             ],
             "distDependencies": [
                 "truffle:TRUFFLE_API",

diff --git a/...cle.truffle.espresso.libjavavm/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/libjavavm/LibEspresso.java b/...cle.truffle.espresso.libjavavm/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/libjavavm/LibEspresso.java
@@ -122,6 +122,12 @@ static int createJavaVM(@SuppressWarnings("unused") IsolateThread thread, JNIJav
             STDERR.println("<JavaVM> is not available in the java bindings");
             return JNIErrors.JNI_ERR();
         }
+        /*
+         * Here we assume the value of asNativePointer actually refers to host memory which
+         * generally does not hold anymore since the introduction of NativeMemory (GR-70643).
+         * However, this could only pose problems in the unlikely case of explicitly choosing a
+         * "virtualized" NativeMemory while starting espresso from native.
+         */
         JNIJavaVM espressoJavaVM = WordFactory.pointer(java.asNativePointer());
         bindings.removeMember("<JavaVM>");
         ObjectHandle contextHandle = ObjectHandles.getGlobal().create(context);

diff --git a/...panama/src/META-INF/services/com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.NativeMemory$Provider b/...panama/src/META-INF/services/com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.NativeMemory$Provider
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+com.oracle.truffle.espresso.memory.panama.MemorySegmentChunkedMemoryImpl$Provider
diff --git a/....panama/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/memory/panama/MemorySegmentChunkedMemoryImpl.java b/....panama/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/memory/panama/MemorySegmentChunkedMemoryImpl.java
diff --git a/...ruffle.espresso.processor/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/processor/StructsProcessor.java b/...ruffle.espresso.processor/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/processor/StructsProcessor.java
@@ -80,11 +80,13 @@ public class StructsProcessor extends AbstractProcessor {
     private static final String IMPORT_BYTEBUFFER = "java.nio.ByteBuffer";
     private static final String IMPORT_JNI_HANDLES = "com.oracle.truffle.espresso.jni.JNIHandles";
     private static final String IMPORT_RAW_POINTER = "com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.RawPointer";
+    private static final String IMPORT_NATIVE_MEMORY = "com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.NativeMemory";
 
     // Classes
     private static final String TRUFFLE_OBJECT = "TruffleObject";
     private static final String INTEROP_LIBRARY = "InteropLibrary";
     private static final String JNI_HANDLES_CLASS = "JNIHandles";
+    private static final String NATIVE_MEMORY_CLASS = "NativeMemory";
     private static final String MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_CLASS = "MemberOffsetGetter";
     private static final String NATIVE_MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_CLASS = "NativeMemberOffsetGetter";
     private static final String JAVA_MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_CLASS = "JavaMemberOffsetGetter";
@@ -107,6 +109,7 @@ public class StructsProcessor extends AbstractProcessor {
     // Arguments
     private static final String VALUE = "valueToPut";
     private static final String JNI_HANDLES_ARG = "handles";
+    private static final String NATIVE_MEMORY_ARG = "nativeMemory";
     private static final String PTR = "pointer";
     private static final String MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_ARG = "offsetGetter";
     private static final String MEMBER_INFO_PTR = "memberInfoPtr";
@@ -257,7 +260,7 @@ private static String generateStruct(String strName, List<String> members, List<
                         .inPackage(STRUCTS_PACKAGE) //
                         .withImportGroup(Collections.singletonList(IMPORT_BYTEBUFFER)) //
                         .withImportGroup(Collections.singletonList(IMPORT_TRUFFLE_OBJECT)) //
-                        .withImportGroup(Arrays.asList(IMPORT_STATIC_OBJECT, IMPORT_JNI_HANDLES, IMPORT_RAW_POINTER));
+                        .withImportGroup(Arrays.asList(IMPORT_STATIC_OBJECT, IMPORT_JNI_HANDLES, IMPORT_NATIVE_MEMORY, IMPORT_RAW_POINTER));
 
         String wrapperName = className + WRAPPER;
 
@@ -324,8 +327,8 @@ private static void generateWrapper(ClassBuilder struct, List<String> members, L
 
         MethodBuilder wrapperConstructor = new MethodBuilder(wrapperName) //
                         .asConstructor() //
-                        .withParams(argument(JNI_HANDLES_CLASS, JNI_HANDLES_ARG), argument(TRUFFLE_OBJECT, PTR)) //
-                        .addBodyLine(call(null, "super", new String[]{JNI_HANDLES_ARG, PTR, STRUCT_SIZE}), ';');
+                        .withParams(argument(JNI_HANDLES_CLASS, JNI_HANDLES_ARG), argument(NATIVE_MEMORY_CLASS, NATIVE_MEMORY_ARG), argument(TRUFFLE_OBJECT, PTR)) //
+                        .addBodyLine(call(null, "super", new String[]{JNI_HANDLES_ARG, NATIVE_MEMORY_ARG, PTR, STRUCT_SIZE}), ';');
         wrapper.withMethod(wrapperConstructor);
 
         for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
@@ -361,8 +364,8 @@ private static void generateWrapMethod(ClassBuilder struct, String wrapperClass)
                         .withOverrideAnnotation() //
                         .withModifiers(new ModifierBuilder().asPublic()) //
                         .withReturnType(wrapperClass) //
-                        .withParams(argument(JNI_HANDLES_CLASS, JNI_HANDLES_ARG), argument(TRUFFLE_OBJECT, PTR)) //
-                        .addBodyLine("return new ", call(null, wrapperClass, new String[]{JNI_HANDLES_ARG, PTR}), ';');
+                        .withParams(argument(JNI_HANDLES_CLASS, JNI_HANDLES_ARG), argument(NATIVE_MEMORY_CLASS, NATIVE_MEMORY_ARG), argument(TRUFFLE_OBJECT, PTR)) //
+                        .addBodyLine("return new ", call(null, wrapperClass, new String[]{JNI_HANDLES_ARG, NATIVE_MEMORY_ARG, PTR}), ';');
         struct.withMethod(wrapMethod);
     }
 
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@ private static String generateStructCollector(List<String> structs) {
                         .withCopyright() //
                         .inPackage(STRUCTS_PACKAGE) //
                         .withImportGroup(Arrays.asList(IMPORT_INTEROP_LIBRARY, IMPORT_TRUFFLE_OBJECT)) //
-                        .withImportGroup(Collections.singletonList(IMPORT_JNI_HANDLES));
+                        .withImportGroup(Arrays.asList(IMPORT_JNI_HANDLES, IMPORT_NATIVE_MEMORY));
 
         ClassBuilder structCollector = new ClassBuilder(STRUCTS_CLASS) //
                         .withQualifiers(new ModifierBuilder().asPublic().asFinal());
@@ -393,10 +396,11 @@ private static void generateCollectorConstructor(ClassBuilder collector, List<St
         MethodBuilder constructor = new MethodBuilder(STRUCTS_CLASS) //
                         .asConstructor() //
                         .withModifiers(new ModifierBuilder().asPublic()) //
-                        .withParams(argument(JNI_HANDLES_CLASS, JNI_HANDLES_ARG), argument(TRUFFLE_OBJECT, MEMBER_INFO_PTR), argument(TRUFFLE_OBJECT, LOOKUP_MEMBER_OFFSET)) //
+                        .withParams(argument(JNI_HANDLES_CLASS, JNI_HANDLES_ARG), argument(NATIVE_MEMORY_CLASS, NATIVE_MEMORY_ARG), argument(TRUFFLE_OBJECT, MEMBER_INFO_PTR),
+                                        argument(TRUFFLE_OBJECT, LOOKUP_MEMBER_OFFSET)) //
                         .addBodyLine(INTEROP_LIBRARY, ' ', assignment(LIBRARY, call(INTEROP_LIBRARY, GET_UNCACHED, EMPTY_ARGS))) //
                         .addBodyLine(MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_CLASS, ' ', assignment(MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_ARG,
-                                        "new " + call(null, NATIVE_MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_CLASS, new String[]{LIBRARY, MEMBER_INFO_PTR, LOOKUP_MEMBER_OFFSET})));
+                                        "new " + call(null, NATIVE_MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_CLASS, new String[]{LIBRARY, MEMBER_INFO_PTR, LOOKUP_MEMBER_OFFSET, NATIVE_MEMORY_ARG})));
 
         generateOptionalMemberInfo(constructor, structs);
 
@@ -412,7 +416,7 @@ private static void generateOptionalMemberInfo(MethodBuilder constructor, List<S
             constructor.addBodyLine(assignment(decapitalize(MEMBER_INFO), "new " + call(null, MEMBER_INFO, new String[]{MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_ARG})));
             structs.remove(MEMBER_INFO);
             constructor.addBodyLine(assignment(MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_ARG, "new " + call(null, JAVA_MEMBER_OFFSET_GETTER_CLASS,
-                            new String[]{JNI_HANDLES_ARG, MEMBER_INFO_PTR, "this"})));
+                            new String[]{JNI_HANDLES_ARG, NATIVE_MEMORY_ARG, MEMBER_INFO_PTR, "this"})));
         }
     }
 

diff --git a/...ffle.espresso/src/META-INF/services/com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.NativeAccess$Provider b/...ffle.espresso/src/META-INF/services/com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.NativeAccess$Provider
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.nfi.NFINativeAccess$Provider
 com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.nfi.NFIIsolatedNativeAccess$Provider
-com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.nfi.NFISulongNativeAccess$Provider
+com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.nfi.NFISulongNativeAccess$Provider
diff --git a/...presso/src/META-INF/services/com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.NativeMemory$Provider b/...presso/src/META-INF/services/com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.NativeMemory$Provider
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.TruffleByteArrayChunkedMemoryImpl$Provider
+com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.UnsafeByteArrayChunkedMemoryImpl$Provider
+com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.UnsafeNativeMemory$Provider
diff --git a/...esso/src/com.oracle.truffle.espresso/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/EspressoOptions.java b/...esso/src/com.oracle.truffle.espresso/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/EspressoOptions.java
@@ -634,6 +634,12 @@ public Long apply(String size) {
                     usageSyntax = "<nativeBackend>") //
     public static final OptionKey<String> NativeBackend = new OptionKey<>("");
 
+    @Option(help = "NativeMemory used by Espresso. Can only be specified with no-native backend where memory can be fully virtualized.", //
+                    category = OptionCategory.EXPERT,  //
+                    stability = OptionStability.EXPERIMENTAL, //
+                    usageSyntax = "<nativeMemory>") //
+    public static final OptionKey<String> NativeMemory = new OptionKey<>("");
+
     @Option(help = "Enable use of a custom Espresso implementation of boot libraries, which allows for not entering native code.\\n" +
                     "Will be automatically enabled if there is NO native access.\\n" +
                     "For example, this will replace the usual 'libjava'. Missing implementations will thus fail with 'UnsatifiedLinkError'.", //

diff --git a/...oracle.truffle.espresso/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/ffi/EspressoLibsNativeAccess.java b/...oracle.truffle.espresso/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/ffi/EspressoLibsNativeAccess.java
@@ -24,24 +24,19 @@
 
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 
-import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleLogger;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.ArityException;
-import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.InteropLibrary;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.TruffleObject;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.UnsupportedMessageException;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.UnsupportedTypeException;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.EspressoLanguage;
+import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.NativeMemory;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.impl.ContextAccessImpl;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.libs.Lib;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.libs.Libs;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.libs.SubstitutionFactoryWrapper;
-import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.meta.EspressoError;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.runtime.EspressoContext;
-import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.vm.UnsafeAccess;
-
-import sun.misc.Unsafe;
 
 /**
  * Uses Espresso's implementation of standard JDK libraries, falling back to a delegate if the
@@ -68,11 +63,6 @@
 public class EspressoLibsNativeAccess extends ContextAccessImpl implements NativeAccess {
 
     private static final TruffleLogger logger = TruffleLogger.getLogger(EspressoLanguage.ID, EspressoLibsNativeAccess.class);
-    /*
-     * Temporarily used for off-heap memory access. Will be removed with the memory virtualization
-     * (GR-70643)
-     */
-    private static final Unsafe UNSAFE = UnsafeAccess.get();
 
     private static TruffleLogger getLogger() {
         return logger;
@@ -187,52 +177,6 @@ public SignatureCallNode createSignatureCall(NativeSignature nativeSignature) {
         return delegate.createSignatureCall(nativeSignature);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public @Buffer TruffleObject allocateMemory(long size) {
-        // Will be removed with the memory virtualization (GR-70643)
-        long address = 0L;
-        try {
-            address = UNSAFE.allocateMemory(size);
-        } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return TruffleByteBuffer.wrap(RawPointer.create(address), Math.toIntExact(size));
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public @Buffer TruffleObject reallocateMemory(@Pointer TruffleObject buffer, long newSize) {
-        // Will be removed with the memory virtualization (GR-70643)
-        assert InteropLibrary.getUncached().isPointer(buffer);
-        long oldAddress = 0L;
-        try {
-            oldAddress = InteropLibrary.getUncached().asPointer(buffer);
-        } catch (UnsupportedMessageException e) {
-            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
-            throw EspressoError.shouldNotReachHere(e);
-        }
-        long newAddress = 0L;
-        try {
-            newAddress = UNSAFE.reallocateMemory(oldAddress, newSize);
-        } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return TruffleByteBuffer.wrap(RawPointer.create(newAddress), Math.toIntExact(newSize));
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void freeMemory(@Pointer TruffleObject buffer) {
-        // Will be removed with the memory virtualization (GR-70643)
-        assert InteropLibrary.getUncached().isPointer(buffer);
-        long address = 0L;
-        try {
-            address = InteropLibrary.getUncached().asPointer(buffer);
-        } catch (UnsupportedMessageException e) {
-            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
-            throw EspressoError.shouldNotReachHere(e);
-        }
-        UNSAFE.freeMemory(address);
-    }
-
     @Override
     public @Pointer TruffleObject createNativeClosure(TruffleObject executable, NativeSignature nativeSignature) {
         return delegate.createNativeClosure(executable, nativeSignature);
@@ -243,6 +187,11 @@ public void prepareThread() {
         delegate.prepareThread();
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public NativeMemory nativeMemory() {
+        return delegate.nativeMemory();
+    }
+
     @TruffleBoundary
     public boolean isKnownBootLibrary(String path) {
         Path p = Path.of(path);

diff --git a/...sso/src/com.oracle.truffle.espresso/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/ffi/NativeAccess.java b/...sso/src/com.oracle.truffle.espresso/src/com/oracle/truffle/espresso/ffi/NativeAccess.java
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.UnsupportedTypeException;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.EspressoOptions;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.classfile.JavaKind;
+import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.NativeMemory;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.meta.EspressoError;
 import com.oracle.truffle.espresso.runtime.EspressoProperties;
 
@@ -210,33 +211,6 @@ default boolean isBuiltIn(@SuppressWarnings("unused") String libname) {
         return bindSymbol(symbol, nativeSignature);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Similar to malloc. The result of allocating a 0-sized buffer is an implementation detail.
-     *
-     * <h3>Lifetime
-     *
-     * @return <code>null</code> if the memory cannot be allocated. Otherwise, a
-     *         {@link InteropLibrary#hasBufferElements(Object) buffer}.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the size is negative
-     */
-    @Buffer
-    TruffleObject allocateMemory(long size);
-
-    /**
-     * Similar to realloc. The result of allocating a 0-sized buffer is an implementation detail.
-     *
-     * @return <code>null</code> if the memory cannot be re-allocated. Otherwise, a
-     *         {@link InteropLibrary#hasBufferElements(Object) buffer}.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the size is negative
-     */
-    @Buffer
-    TruffleObject reallocateMemory(@Pointer TruffleObject buffer, long newSize);
-
-    /**
-     * Similar to free. Accessing the buffer after free may cause explosive undefined behavior.
-     */
-    void freeMemory(@Pointer TruffleObject buffer);
-
     /**
      * Sinking, make a Java method accessible to the native world. Returns an
      * {@link InteropLibrary#isPointer(Object) pointer} {@link TruffleObject object}, callable from
@@ -292,4 +266,18 @@ interface Provider {
 
         NativeAccess create(TruffleLanguage.Env env);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the {@link NativeMemory} associated with NativeAccess.
+     * <p>
+     * <h2>Implementation notes</h2> One should be extremely careful when determining which
+     * NativeMemory implementation to use for a new NativeAccess implementation. Some NativeMemory
+     * implementations virtualize guest memory such that addresses returned by
+     * {@link NativeMemory#allocateMemory(long)} do not directly map to host addresses, which can be
+     * problematic if the accessed "native world" works directly with those addresses as if they
+     * were host addresses. Thus, there needs to be synergy between Java and Native reads and writes
+     * to native memory. If unsure, use
+     * {@link com.oracle.truffle.espresso.ffi.memory.UnsafeNativeMemory}.
+     */
+    NativeMemory nativeMemory();
 }
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
		@@ -0,0 +1 @@
		com.oracle.truffle.espresso.memory.panama.MemorySegmentChunkedMemoryImpl$Provider